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was diverted to

  • 1 desviar

    v.
    1 to divert.
    2 to deviate, to deflect, to detour, to put off track.
    El guarda desvió el auto The guard deviated the car.
    El agua desvía la luz Water deviates light.
    Ella desvió su atención She deviated his attention.
    3 to turn aside, to shift, to turn, to avert.
    * * *
    (stressed í in certain persons of certain tenses)
    Present Indicative
    desvío, desvías, desvía, desviamos, desviáis, desvían.
    Present Subjunctive
    desvíe, desvíes, desvíe, desviemos, desviéis, desvíen.
    Imperative
    desvía (tú), desvíe (él/Vd.), desviemos (nos.), desviad (vos.), desvíen (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=apartar) [+ balón, flecha] to deflect; [+ golpe] to parry; [+ pregunta] to evade; [+ ojos] to avert, turn away; [+ tren] to switch, switch into a siding; [+ avión, circulación] to divert ( por through)
    2) [+ persona]
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <tráfico/vuelo> to divert; < río> to alter the course of; <golpe/pelota> to deflect, parry; < fondos> to divert

    desvió la mirada — he looked away, he averted his gaze

    2) ( apartar)

    desviar a alguien de algo: desviar a alguien del buen camino to lead somebody astray; aquello me desvió de mi propósito — that deflected me from my goal

    2.
    desviarse v pron
    1) carretera to branch off; vehículo to turn off

    el coche se desvió hacia el centro de la ciudad/hacia la derecha — the car turned off toward(s) the city center/turned off to the right

    * * *
    = deflect, divert.
    Ex. On deflecting one of these levers to the right he runs through the book before him, each page in turn being projected at a speed which just allows a recognizing glance at each.
    Ex. In February 1986 an unforeseeable financial crisis at the Georgia Institute of Technology's library made it necessary to divert the binding budget to other areas and without warning binding activities were halted.
    ----
    * desviar a = shunt into.
    * desviar el debate de... a = wrest + discussion + away from... to.
    * desviar fondos = divert + funds.
    * desviar + Posesivo + atención = divert + Posesivo + attention.
    * desviarse = stray (from/outside), skew away, drift off, fork.
    * desviarse de = depart from, deviate (from), wander from.
    * desviarse del buen camino = go off + the rails.
    * desviarse del curso = veer from + course.
    * desviarse del tema = go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off + the track, get off + the track, fly off on + a tangent.
    * desviarse del tema en cuestión = go off on + another track.
    * desviarse del tema principal = sidetrack.
    * desviarse de rumbo = be off course, fly off + course.
    * desviarse de un tema temporalmente = go off on + side excursions.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <tráfico/vuelo> to divert; < río> to alter the course of; <golpe/pelota> to deflect, parry; < fondos> to divert

    desvió la mirada — he looked away, he averted his gaze

    2) ( apartar)

    desviar a alguien de algo: desviar a alguien del buen camino to lead somebody astray; aquello me desvió de mi propósito — that deflected me from my goal

    2.
    desviarse v pron
    1) carretera to branch off; vehículo to turn off

    el coche se desvió hacia el centro de la ciudad/hacia la derecha — the car turned off toward(s) the city center/turned off to the right

    * * *
    = deflect, divert.

    Ex: On deflecting one of these levers to the right he runs through the book before him, each page in turn being projected at a speed which just allows a recognizing glance at each.

    Ex: In February 1986 an unforeseeable financial crisis at the Georgia Institute of Technology's library made it necessary to divert the binding budget to other areas and without warning binding activities were halted.
    * desviar a = shunt into.
    * desviar el debate de... a = wrest + discussion + away from... to.
    * desviar fondos = divert + funds.
    * desviar + Posesivo + atención = divert + Posesivo + attention.
    * desviarse = stray (from/outside), skew away, drift off, fork.
    * desviarse de = depart from, deviate (from), wander from.
    * desviarse del buen camino = go off + the rails.
    * desviarse del curso = veer from + course.
    * desviarse del tema = go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off + the track, get off + the track, fly off on + a tangent.
    * desviarse del tema en cuestión = go off on + another track.
    * desviarse del tema principal = sidetrack.
    * desviarse de rumbo = be off course, fly off + course.
    * desviarse de un tema temporalmente = go off on + side excursions.

    * * *
    vt
    A ‹tráfico› to divert; ‹río› to alter the course of, divert; ‹golpe/pelota› to deflect, ward off, parry
    el avión/vuelo fue desviado a Detroit the plane/flight was diverted to Detroit
    desviar la conversación to change the subject
    desvió la mirada or los ojos he looked away, he averted his gaze o eyes
    B ( Fin) ‹fondos› to divert
    C (apartar) desviar a algn DE algo:
    las malas compañías lo han desviado del buen camino the bad company he keeps has led him astray
    no conseguirán desviarme de mi propósito they will not manage to deflect me from my goal
    ■ desviar
    vi
    to turn off
    A «carretera» to branch off; «vehículo» to turn off
    donde la carretera se desvía hacia la frontera where the road branches off toward(s) the border
    el coche se desvió hacia el centro de la ciudad the car turned off toward(s) the city center
    la conversación se desvió hacia otros temas the conversation turned to other things
    B «persona»: desviarse DE algo; to stray OFF sth
    nos desviamos del camino y nos perdimos we went off o strayed off the path and got lost
    se han desviado de su programa original they have strayed from their original plan
    nos estamos desviando del tema we're getting off the point o going off at a tangent o getting sidetracked, we're digressing
    * * *

     

    desviar ( conjugate desviar) verbo transitivo ‹tráfico/vuelo/fondos› to divert;
    ‹ río› to alter the course of;
    ‹golpe/pelota› to deflect, parry;

    desvió la mirada he looked away
    desviarse verbo pronominal
    1 [ carretera] to branch off;
    [ vehículo] to turn off;

    2 [ persona] desviarse de algo ‹ de ruta› to deviate from sth;
    ‹ de tema› to get off sth
    desviar verbo transitivo
    1 (un río, el tráfico, fondos) to divert, detour
    2 (un tiro, golpe) to deflect
    3 (la conversación) to change
    4 (la mirada) to avert
    ' desviar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    derivar
    - distraer
    English:
    avert
    - deflect
    - divert
    - head off
    - redirect
    - siphon off
    - switch
    - turn aside
    - ward off
    - detour
    - reroute
    - side
    - siphon
    - ward
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [tráfico, automóviles] to divert;
    [río, cauce] to divert; [dirección, rumbo] to change;
    aquello desvió al “Mayflower” de su rumbo that caused the “Mayflower” to change course;
    los vuelos fueron desviados al aeropuerto de Luton flights were diverted to Luton airport
    2. [fondos] to divert (a into)
    3. [golpe] to parry;
    [pelota, disparo] to deflect;
    Sanz desvió el balón a córner Sanz deflected the ball for a corner
    4. [pregunta] to evade;
    [conversación] to change the direction of;
    no desvíes la conversación don't get us off the subject
    5. [mirada, ojos] to avert;
    desvió la mirada avergonzado he looked away in shame
    6. [apartar] to dissuade, to turn aside (de from);
    aquel imprevisto lo desvió de sus planes that unforeseen circumstance caused him to depart from his plans
    * * *
    v/t
    1 golpe deflect, parry; pelota deflect; tráfico divert; río divert, alter the course of;
    desviar la conversación change the subject;
    2
    :
    * * *
    desviar {85} vt
    1) : to change the course of, to divert
    2) : to turn away, to deflect
    * * *
    desviar vb (tráfico) to divert

    Spanish-English dictionary > desviar

  • 2 פתק

    פָּתַקto divide, distribute, esp. to dig or open a channel. Y.Snh.IX, 27a פ׳ אמת המים עליווכ׳ if he opened a sluice near a person, and the water came and swept him off. Tosef.Sabb.I, 23 פּוֹהְקִין מים לגינהוכ׳ you may conduct water into a garden on the eve of the Sabbath shortly before dark ; Bab. ib. 18a; Y. ib. I, 3d hot. Tosef.B. Kam.II, 6 אילו הפותקין ביביהןוכ׳ those who conduct their gutters … into the public road. Gen. R. s. 16, v. מַגְרוֹפִית. Tem.12a (read:) ממלא … ופוֹתְקָן למקוה he may draw a quantity of nineteen Sah of water and let it run through a gutter into the bath. Yalk. Prov. 961 כיון שפְּתָקָהּ when he cut its supply off by diverting the channel; Yalk. Gen. 16 שפוסקה; Gen. R. s. 10 שפסקה; a. e. Pi. פִּיתֵּק same. Ib. s. 51, end (ref. to Deut. 2:9) אבל אתה מְפַתֵּק הנהרות וב׳ but you may divert their rivers.Denom. פִּיתָּק, הֶפְתֵּק. Nif. נִפְתָּק to be cut off, divided; esp. to be conducted, diverted. Tosef.Mikv.III, 6 ונִפְתְּקוּ ובאו לחברו ed. Zuck. (oth. ed. ונפסקו) and the water of one pond was diverted and came iuto the other pond; ib. 5 ונפתקו R. S. to Mikv. III, 1 (ed. ונפסקו).

    Jewish literature > פתק

  • 3 פָּתַק

    פָּתַקto divide, distribute, esp. to dig or open a channel. Y.Snh.IX, 27a פ׳ אמת המים עליווכ׳ if he opened a sluice near a person, and the water came and swept him off. Tosef.Sabb.I, 23 פּוֹהְקִין מים לגינהוכ׳ you may conduct water into a garden on the eve of the Sabbath shortly before dark ; Bab. ib. 18a; Y. ib. I, 3d hot. Tosef.B. Kam.II, 6 אילו הפותקין ביביהןוכ׳ those who conduct their gutters … into the public road. Gen. R. s. 16, v. מַגְרוֹפִית. Tem.12a (read:) ממלא … ופוֹתְקָן למקוה he may draw a quantity of nineteen Sah of water and let it run through a gutter into the bath. Yalk. Prov. 961 כיון שפְּתָקָהּ when he cut its supply off by diverting the channel; Yalk. Gen. 16 שפוסקה; Gen. R. s. 10 שפסקה; a. e. Pi. פִּיתֵּק same. Ib. s. 51, end (ref. to Deut. 2:9) אבל אתה מְפַתֵּק הנהרות וב׳ but you may divert their rivers.Denom. פִּיתָּק, הֶפְתֵּק. Nif. נִפְתָּק to be cut off, divided; esp. to be conducted, diverted. Tosef.Mikv.III, 6 ונִפְתְּקוּ ובאו לחברו ed. Zuck. (oth. ed. ונפסקו) and the water of one pond was diverted and came iuto the other pond; ib. 5 ונפתקו R. S. to Mikv. III, 1 (ed. ונפסקו).

    Jewish literature > פָּתַק

  • 4 Haber, Fritz

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 9 December 1868 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)
    d. 29 January 1934 Basel, Switzerland
    [br]
    German chemist, inventor of the process for the synthesis of ammonia.
    [br]
    Haber's father was a manufacturer of dyestuffs, so he studied organic chemistry at Berlin and Heidelberg universities to equip him to enter his father's firm. But his interest turned to physical chemistry and remained there throughout his life. He became Assistant at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in 1894; his first work there was on pyrolysis and electrochemistry, and he published his Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie in 1898. Haber became famous for thorough and illuminating theoretical studies in areas of growing practical importance. He rose through the academic ranks and was appointed a full professor in 1906. In 1912 he was also appointed Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem, outside Berlin.
    Early in the twentieth century Haber invented a process for the synthesis of ammonia. The English chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes (1832–1919) had warned of the danger of mass hunger because the deposits of Chilean nitrate were becoming exhausted and nitrogenous fertilizers would not suffice for the world's growing population. A solution lay in the use of the nitrogen in the air, and the efforts of chemists centred on ways of converting it to usable nitrate. Haber was aware of contemporary work on the fixation of nitrogen by the cyanamide and arc processes, but in 1904 he turned to the study of ammonia formation from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. During 1907–9 Haber found that the yield of ammonia reached an industrially viable level if the reaction took place under a pressure of 150–200 atmospheres and a temperature of 600°C (1,112° F) in the presence of a suitable catalyst—first osmium, later uranium. He devised an apparatus in which a mixture of the gases was pumped through a converter, in which the ammonia formed was withdrawn while the unchanged gases were recirculated. By 1913, Haber's collaborator, Carl Bosch had succeeded in raising this laboratory process to the industrial scale. It was the first successful high-pressure industrial chemical process, and solved the nitrogen problem. The outbreak of the First World War directed the work of the institute in Dahlem to military purposes, and Haber was placed in charge of chemical warfare. In this capacity, he developed poisonous gases as well as the means of defence against them, such as gas masks. The synthetic-ammonia process was diverted to produce nitric acid for explosives. The great benefits and achievement of the Haber-Bosch process were recognized by the award in 1919 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but on account of Haber's association with chemical warfare, British, French and American scientists denounced the award; this only added to the sense of bitterness he already felt at his country's defeat in the war. He concentrated on the theoretical studies for which he was renowned, in particular on pyrolysis and autoxidation, and both the Karlsruhe and the Dahlem laboratories became international centres for discussion and research in physical chemistry.
    With the Nazi takeover in 1933, Haber found that, as a Jew, he was relegated to second-class status. He did not see why he should appoint staff on account of their grandmothers instead of their ability, so he resigned his posts and went into exile. For some months he accepted hospitality in Cambridge, but he was on his way to a new post in what is now Israel when he died suddenly in Basel, Switzerland.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1898, Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie.
    1927, Aus Leben und Beruf.
    Further Reading
    J.E.Coates, 1939, "The Haber Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society: 1,642–72.
    M.Goran, 1967, The Story of Fritz Haber, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (includes a complete list of Haber's works).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Haber, Fritz

  • 5 leiten

    I v/t
    1. (führen) lead; hinweisend, steuernd: guide, steer; (Verkehr) direct, route; fig. (lenken) guide; jemanden auf die falsche Spur leiten put s.o. on the wrong track; sich von anderen Beweggründen / seinen Gefühlen leiten lassen be guided by other motives / governed by one’s emotions
    2. (anführen) head; (Staat) govern; (Betrieb etc.) manage, run; (Schule) be head of; (Projekt) be in charge of, head (up); (beaufsichtigen) supervise; (Versammlung, Diskussion) chair; wer leitet die Delegation? who is leading ( oder heading) the delegation?
    3. MUS. (Orchester, Chor) conduct; (kleineres Ensemble) direct; eine Kapelle leiten be leader of a ( oder the) band, be (the) bandleader
    4. (Fußballspiel etc.) referee
    5. PHYS., PHYSIOL. etc. (Wärme, Strom, Schall) conduct
    6. (Öl, Gas) in Röhren: pipe
    7. (Brief etc.) pass on (an + Akk to), direct (to)
    II v/i PHYS. etc.: gut / schlecht leiten be a good / bad conductor
    * * *
    (Strom) to conduct;
    (Unternehmen) to manage; to direct;
    (führen) to guide; to lead; to head; to mastermind;
    (regieren) to govern;
    (steuern) to control; to steer;
    (verantwortlich sein) to be in charge of
    * * *
    lei|ten ['laitn]
    vt
    1) (= in bestimmte Richtung lenken) to lead; (= begleiten, führen) to conduct, to lead; (fig) Leser, Schüler etc to guide; Verkehr to route; Gas, Wasser to conduct; (= umleiten) to divert

    etw an die zuständige Stelle léíten — to pass sth on to the proper authority

    sich von jdm/etw léíten lassen (lit, fig) — to (let oneself) be guided by sb/sth; von Vorstellung, Idee, Emotion to be governed by sth

    das Öl wird (durch Rohre) zum Hafen geleitet — the oil is piped to the port

    2) (= verantwortlich sein für) to be in charge of; (administrativ) to run, to be in charge of; Expedition, Partei, Regierung, Bewegung etc to lead, to head; Betrieb to manage, to be in charge of; Theater to run; Orchester, Theatergruppe etc to direct, to run; Sitzung, Diskussion, Gespräch, Verhandlungen to lead; (als Vorsitzender) to chair; Geschick(e) to determine, to guide
    3) (PHYS) Wärme, Strom, Licht to conduct

    (etw) gut/schlecht léíten — to be a good/bad conductor (of sth)

    * * *
    1) (to control or organize: A policeman was directing the traffic; to direct a film.) direct
    2) (to be in charge of; to be the leader of: He heads a team of scientists investigating cancer.) head
    3) (to carry or allow to flow: Most metals conduct electricity.) conduct
    4) (to be manager of: James manages the local football team.) manage
    5) (to convey gas, water etc by a pipe: Water is piped to the town from the reservoir.) pipe
    6) (to arrange a route for: Heavy traffic was routed round the outside of the town.) route
    7) (to organize or manage: He runs the business very efficiently.) run
    * * *
    lei·ten
    [ˈlaitn̩]
    I. vt
    1. (verantwortlich sein)
    ▪ etw \leiten to run [or be in charge of] sth
    eine Abteilung \leiten to be head of [or run] a department
    eine Firma \leiten to run [or manage] a company
    ein Labor/eine Redaktion \leiten to be head [or in charge] of a laboratory/an editorial office
    eine Schule \leiten to be head [or headmaster] [or head teacher] of [or at] a school
    2. (den Vorsitz führen)
    ▪ etw \leiten to lead [or head] sth
    eine Sitzung \leiten to chair a meeting
    ▪ etw \leiten to conduct sth
    ▪ etw wohin \leiten to route [or divert] sth somewhere
    der Zug wurde auf ein Nebengleis geleitet the train was diverted to a siding
    ▪ jdn [wohin] \leiten to lead [or guide] sb [somewhere]
    ▪ sich akk durch etw akk \leiten lassen to [let oneself] be guided by sth
    ▪ sich akk von etw dat \leiten lassen to [let oneself] be governed by sth
    II. vi PHYS to conduct
    gut/schlecht \leiten to be a good/bad conductor
    * * *
    1) (anführen) lead, head < expedition, team, discussion, etc.>; be head of < school>; (verantwortlich sein für) be in charge of <project, expedition, etc.>; manage <factory, enterprise>; (den Vorsitz führen bei) chair < meeting, discussion, etc.>; (Musik): (dirigieren) conduct < orchestra, choir>; direct <small orchestra etc.>; (Sport): (als Schiedsrichter) referee <game, match>

    leitender Angestellter — executive; manager

    leitende Angestellte — senior or managerial staff

    leitender Beamter — senior civil servant

    2) (begleiten, führen) lead

    jemanden auf die richtige Spur leiten — put somebody on the right track

    sich von etwas leiten lassen — [let oneself] be guided by something

    3) (lenken) direct; route < traffic>; (umleiten) divert <traffic, stream>
    4) auch itr. (Physik) conduct <heat, current, sound>

    etwas leitet gut/schlecht — something is a good/bad conductor

    * * *
    A. v/t
    1. (führen) lead; hinweisend, steuernd: guide, steer; (Verkehr) direct, route; fig (lenken) guide;
    jemanden auf die falsche Spur leiten put sb on the wrong track;
    sich von anderen Beweggründen/seinen Gefühlen leiten lassen be guided by other motives/governed by one’s emotions
    2. (anführen) head; (Staat) govern; (Betrieb etc) manage, run; (Schule) be head of; (Projekt) be in charge of, head (up); (beaufsichtigen) supervise; (Versammlung, Diskussion) chair;
    wer leitet die Delegation? who is leading ( oder heading) the delegation?
    3. MUS (Orchester, Chor) conduct; (kleineres Ensemble) direct;
    eine Kapelle leiten be leader of a ( oder the) band, be ( the) bandleader
    4. (Fußballspiel etc) referee
    5. PHYS, PHYSIOL etc (Wärme, Strom, Schall) conduct
    6. (Öl, Gas) in Röhren: pipe
    7. (Brief etc) pass on (
    an +akk to), direct (to)
    B. v/i PHYS etc:
    gut/schlecht leiten be a good/bad conductor
    * * *
    1) (anführen) lead, head <expedition, team, discussion, etc.>; be head of < school>; (verantwortlich sein für) be in charge of <project, expedition, etc.>; manage <factory, enterprise>; (den Vorsitz führen bei) chair <meeting, discussion, etc.>; (Musik): (dirigieren) conduct <orchestra, choir>; direct <small orchestra etc.>; (Sport): (als Schiedsrichter) referee <game, match>

    leitender Angestellter — executive; manager

    leitende Angestellte — senior or managerial staff

    2) (begleiten, führen) lead

    sich von etwas leiten lassen — [let oneself] be guided by something

    3) (lenken) direct; route < traffic>; (umleiten) divert <traffic, stream>
    4) auch itr. (Physik) conduct <heat, current, sound>

    etwas leitet gut/schlecht — something is a good/bad conductor

    * * *
    v.
    to conduct v.
    to guide v.
    to lead v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: led)
    to manage v.
    to route v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > leiten

  • 6 переключаться на

    •

    We are unable to switch rapidly to nuclear sources.

    II
    •

    We turn our attention to the two enormous ice masses...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > переключаться на

  • 7 движение было отведено на боковую улицу

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > движение было отведено на боковую улицу

  • 8 leiten

    lei·ten [ʼlaitn̩]
    vt
    etw \leiten to run [or be in charge of] sth;
    eine Abteilung \leiten to be head of [or run] a department;
    eine Firma \leiten to run [or manage] a company;
    ein Labor/eine Redaktion \leiten to be head [or in charge] of a laboratory/an editorial office;
    eine Schule \leiten to be head [or headmaster] [or head teacher] of [or at] a school
    etw \leiten to lead [or head] sth;
    eine Sitzung \leiten to chair a meeting
    3) tech (transportieren, strömen lassen)
    etw \leiten to conduct sth;
    etw wohin \leiten to route [or divert] sth somewhere;
    der Zug wurde auf ein Nebengleis geleitet the train was diverted to a siding
    5) ( führen)
    jdn [wohin] \leiten to lead [or guide] sb [somewhere];
    sich akk durch etw akk \leiten lassen to [let oneself] be guided by sth;
    sich akk von etw dat \leiten lassen to [let oneself] be governed by sth
    vi phys to conduct;
    gut/schlecht \leiten to be a good/bad conductor

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > leiten

  • 9 obj|azd

    m (G objazdu) 1. (omijanie boczną drogą) diversion
    - znak objazdu a diversion sign GB
    - zrobić objazd to detour, to make a. take US a detour
    - zorganizowano objazdy diversions were put into operation GB
    2. (odwiedzanie różnych miejsc) tour
    - objazd naukowy a. studyjny a study tour
    - objazd kontrolny a tour of inspection
    - dokonać objazdu swoich posiadłości to make the rounds of one’s estates
    - teatr ruszył w objazd the theatre went on tour
    3. (boczna droga) detour, diversion GB
    - wyznaczyć a. wytyczyć objazd to set up a diversion GB, to detour US
    - pojechaliśmy objazdem przez miasto we detoured a. made a detour through the town
    - ruch kierowano objazdami traffic was diverted a. re-routed

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > obj|azd

  • 10 men liet het luchtverkeer naar Oostende uitwijken

    men liet het luchtverkeer naar Oostende uitwijken

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > men liet het luchtverkeer naar Oostende uitwijken

  • 11 uitwijken

    2 [noodgedwongen verhuizen] go into exile ⇒ flee/leave one's country, 〈 figuurlijk, + naar〉 push off (to), switch (to)
    3 [uit elkaar wijken] 〈 twee lijnen〉 diverge; 〈muur enz.〉 bulge
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   rechts uitwijken • swerve to the right
         men liet het luchtverkeer naar Oostende uitwijken • air traffic was diverted to Ostend
         voor een auto uitwijken • get out of the way of a car
    2   〈 figuurlijk〉 wegens ruimtegebrek zijn we uitgeweken naar de sporthal • we switched to the gymnasium for reasons of space

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > uitwijken

  • 12 impulso

    m.
    1 impulse (physics).
    2 momentum (empuje).
    tomar impulso to take a run-up
    3 stimulus, boost.
    la medida supondrá un impulso al consumo the measure will boost consumption
    dar impulso a una iniciativa to encourage o promote an initiative
    4 impulse, urge.
    un impulso me hizo gritar a sudden impulse made me shout
    mi primer impulso fue marcharme my first instinct was to leave
    5 pulse.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: impulsar.
    * * *
    1 impulse
    2 (fuerza, velocidad) momentum
    \
    actuar por impulso to act on an impulse
    tomar impulso to take a run-up
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=empuje)

    coger o tomar impulso — to gather momentum

    2) (=estímulo) boost
    3) (=deseo instintivo) impulse

    impulso sexual — sexual urge, sex drive

    4) (Fís, Fisiol) impulse
    * * *
    a) ( empuje)

    tomar or darse impulso — to gather momentum, to get up speed

    b) (reacción, deseo) impulse

    mi primer impulso fue... — my first instinct was...

    * * *
    = drive, force, impetus, thrust, push, impulse, momentum, urge, kick-start [kickstart], burst, jump-start [jumpstart].
    Ex. Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.
    Ex. Her reason admitted the force of his arguments, but her instinct opposed it.
    Ex. The original impetus has been diverted into specific applications.
    Ex. The National IT plan proposes 7 building blocks each with a strategic thrust which will serve as the overall impetus for the national IT movement.
    Ex. The key issue to note here is that the global push to describe and document Indigenous knowledge is gaining momentum.
    Ex. The impulse to learn is a ruling passion in very few people; in most of us it is so weak that a frowning aspect can discourage it.
    Ex. They were splendid starters of projects but like so many bibliographers poor sustainers of momentum.
    Ex. The urge to mechanize paper-making came at first as much from the papermakers' desire to free themselves from dependence upon their skilled but rebellious workmen as from the pursuit of production economies.
    Ex. That would be a great kick-start to raising awareness of IFLA 2002.
    Ex. Fueled by inspiration, coffee and Benzedrine, Kerouac sat down at his typewriter and -- in one burst of creative energy -- wrote the novel that would make him the voice of his generation in just 20 days.
    Ex. No hospital creates a healthier community all by itself but it can give its neighbors a jump-start.
    ----
    * actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.
    * cobrar impulso = gain + strength.
    * dar un impulso = kick-start [kickstart].
    * dar un nuevo impulso = pep up.
    * impulso básico = primitive urge.
    * impulso eléctrico = electrical impulse.
    * impulso primitivo = primitive urge.
    * resistir un impulso = resist + impulse.
    * sentir un impulso = have + an impulse.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * * *
    a) ( empuje)

    tomar or darse impulso — to gather momentum, to get up speed

    b) (reacción, deseo) impulse

    mi primer impulso fue... — my first instinct was...

    * * *
    = drive, force, impetus, thrust, push, impulse, momentum, urge, kick-start [kickstart], burst, jump-start [jumpstart].

    Ex: Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.

    Ex: Her reason admitted the force of his arguments, but her instinct opposed it.
    Ex: The original impetus has been diverted into specific applications.
    Ex: The National IT plan proposes 7 building blocks each with a strategic thrust which will serve as the overall impetus for the national IT movement.
    Ex: The key issue to note here is that the global push to describe and document Indigenous knowledge is gaining momentum.
    Ex: The impulse to learn is a ruling passion in very few people; in most of us it is so weak that a frowning aspect can discourage it.
    Ex: They were splendid starters of projects but like so many bibliographers poor sustainers of momentum.
    Ex: The urge to mechanize paper-making came at first as much from the papermakers' desire to free themselves from dependence upon their skilled but rebellious workmen as from the pursuit of production economies.
    Ex: That would be a great kick-start to raising awareness of IFLA 2002.
    Ex: Fueled by inspiration, coffee and Benzedrine, Kerouac sat down at his typewriter and -- in one burst of creative energy -- wrote the novel that would make him the voice of his generation in just 20 days.
    Ex: No hospital creates a healthier community all by itself but it can give its neighbors a jump-start.
    * actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.
    * cobrar impulso = gain + strength.
    * dar un impulso = kick-start [kickstart].
    * dar un nuevo impulso = pep up.
    * impulso básico = primitive urge.
    * impulso eléctrico = electrical impulse.
    * impulso primitivo = primitive urge.
    * resistir un impulso = resist + impulse.
    * sentir un impulso = have + an impulse.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.

    * * *
    1
    (empuje): un fuerte impulso para el comercio a major boost for trade
    queremos dar un nuevo impulso a la iniciativa we want to give fresh impetus to the initiative
    la organización fue creada bajo el impulso del doctor Pascual Dr Pascual was the driving force behind the creation of the organization
    se fue para atrás para coger or darse impulso he moved back to gather momentum o to get up speed
    2 (reacción) impulse
    actuó por impulso he acted on impulse
    mi primer impulso fue irme my first instinct was to leave
    no pude resistir el impulso de tocarlo I couldn't resist touching it o the urge to touch it
    sentí el impulso de besarlo I had a sudden urge o impulse to kiss him
    3 ( Fís) impulse
    * * *

     

    Del verbo impulsar: ( conjugate impulsar)

    impulso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    impulsó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    impulsar    
    impulso
    impulsar ( conjugate impulsar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹motor/vehículo› to propel, drive

    b) ‹ persona› to drive

    c) ‹comercio, producción› to boost, give a boost to;

    ‹cultura/relaciones› to promote
    impulso sustantivo masculino
    a) ( empuje):


    dar impulso a algo ( a comercio) to give a boost to sth;

    ( a iniciativa) to give impetus to sth;
    tomar or darse impulso to gather momentum, to get up speed
    b) (reacción, deseo) impulse;

    ◊ mi primer impulso fue … my first instinct was …

    c) (Fís) impulse

    impulsar verbo transitivo
    1 to impel, drive: el viento impulsa la cometa, the kite is driven by the wind
    2 (estimular) to motivate: sus palabras de ánimo me impulsaron a seguir, his words of encouragement inspired me to go on
    impulso sustantivo masculino
    1 (fuerza) impulse, thrust
    Med impulso nervioso, nerve impulse
    2 (deseo) urge, impulse: sentí el impulso de besarle, I felt the urge to kiss him
    ♦ Locuciones: Dep tomar impulso, to take a run up
    ' impulso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    coger
    - corazonada
    - frenar
    - rapto
    - repente
    - reprimir
    - resistir
    - resistirse
    - retener
    - trampolín
    - móvil
    - tentación
    English:
    check
    - impetus
    - impulse
    - prompt
    - urge
    - drive
    - lift
    * * *
    1. Fís impulse
    2. [empuje] momentum;
    llevaba tanto impulso que no pudo detenerse he was going so fast that he couldn't stop;
    tomar impulso [tomar carrerilla] to take a Br run-up o US running start;
    esta nueva tendencia está tomando mucho impulso this new tendency is gaining momentum
    3. [estímulo] stimulus, boost;
    la medida supondrá un impulso al consumo the measure will boost consumption;
    dar impulso a una iniciativa to encourage o promote an initiative
    4. [deseo, reacción] impulse, urge;
    un impulso me hizo gritar a sudden impulse made me shout;
    mi primer impulso fue marcharme my first instinct was to leave;
    sentir el impulso de hacer algo to feel the urge to do sth;
    * * *
    m
    1 ( arrebato) impulse
    2 ( empuje) impetus; COM boost; fig
    urge, impulse;
    tomar impulso take a run up
    * * *
    1) : drive, thrust
    2) : impulse, urge
    * * *
    1. (deseo) impulse / urge
    2. (estímulo) boost
    tomar impulso to take a run up [pt. took; pp. taken]

    Spanish-English dictionary > impulso

  • 13 divertir

    v.
    1 to entertain, to amuse.
    Su conversación divierte a María His conversation entertains Mary.
    2 to have fun, to enjoy to.
    Me divierte dispararle a las manzanas I have fun shooting apples.
    3 to be entertained by.
    Me divierte tu charla I am entertained by your conversation.
    4 to be pleased to.
    Me divierte bordar I am pleased to embroider.
    5 to divert, to deviate.
    El gerente divirtió fondos en secreto The manager diverted funds in secret
    El accidente divirtió la atención The accident diverted the attention.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ HERVIR], like link=hervir hervir
    1 to amuse, entertain
    1 to enjoy oneself, have a good time
    ■ ¡diviértete! enjoy yourself!
    * * *
    verb
    to amuse, entertain
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=hacer reír)
    2) (=entretener) to entertain, amuse

    divirtió a los niños con sus juegos de magia — he entertained the children with his magic tricks, he kept the children amused with his magic tricks

    3) frm (=distraer) to distract
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to amuse
    2.
    divertirse v pron ( entretenerse) to amuse oneself; ( pasarlo bien) to have fun

    que te diviertas! — have fun!, enjoy yourself!

    * * *
    = entertain, give + enjoyment.
    Ex. Libraries are changing into activity centres, where one can keep warm, or leave one's child to be entertained, but where the shelves are half-empty.
    Ex. Literary novels do not set out simply to entertain and give enjoyment; indeed they can be tremendously depressing.
    ----
    * divertirse = have + fun, amuse, derive + enjoyment, disport + Reflexivo.
    * divertirse de lo lindo = have + a ball.
    * para divertirse = for kicks.
    * por divertirse = for kicks.
    * sólo por divertirse = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to amuse
    2.
    divertirse v pron ( entretenerse) to amuse oneself; ( pasarlo bien) to have fun

    que te diviertas! — have fun!, enjoy yourself!

    * * *
    = entertain, give + enjoyment.

    Ex: Libraries are changing into activity centres, where one can keep warm, or leave one's child to be entertained, but where the shelves are half-empty.

    Ex: Literary novels do not set out simply to entertain and give enjoyment; indeed they can be tremendously depressing.
    * divertirse = have + fun, amuse, derive + enjoyment, disport + Reflexivo.
    * divertirse de lo lindo = have + a ball.
    * para divertirse = for kicks.
    * por divertirse = for kicks.
    * sólo por divertirse = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

    * * *
    vt
    nos divirtió con sus chistes she amused o entertained us with her jokes
    me divirtió muchísimo su reacción I was greatly amused by his reaction
    su compañía lo divierte he finds her company entertaining
    ¡que te diviertas! have fun!, have a good time!, enjoy yourself!
    nos divertimos mucho en la fiesta we had great fun o a really good time at the party, we really enjoyed ourselves at the party
    sabe divertirse solo he knows how to keep himself amused, he is good at entertaining o amusing himself
    se divertían haciendo sufrir al pobre animal they were amusing o entertaining themselves by tormenting the poor animal
    * * *

     

    divertir ( conjugate divertir) verbo transitivo
    to amuse
    divertirse verbo pronominal ( entretenerse) to amuse oneself;
    ( pasarlo bien) to have fun, enjoy oneself;
    ◊ ¡que te diviertas! have fun!, enjoy yourself!;

    nos divertimos mucho en la fiesta we had a really good time at the party
    divertir verbo transitivo to amuse, entertain

    ' divertir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    entretener
    - divierta
    English:
    amuse
    - divert
    - entertain
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [entretener] to entertain, to amuse;
    divertía a sus invitados contando chistes she entertained her guests by telling jokes;
    leer es lo único que me divierte reading is my only distraction;
    nos divertía bastante su carácter gruñón his grumpiness amused us a lot
    * * *
    v/t entertain
    * * *
    divertir {76} vt
    entretener: to amuse, to entertain
    * * *
    divertir vb to entertain / to amuse

    Spanish-English dictionary > divertir

  • 14 Haynes, Elwood

    [br]
    b. 14 October 1857 Portland, Indiana, USA
    d. 13 April 1925 Kokomo, Indiana, USA
    [br]
    American inventor ofStellite cobalt-based alloys, early motor-car manufacturer and pioneer in stainless steels.
    [br]
    From his early years, Haynes was a practising Presbyterian and an active prohibitionist. He graduated in 1881 at Worcester, Massachusetts, and a spell of teaching in his home town was interrupted in 1884–5 while he attended the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. In 1886 he became permanently diverted by the discovery of natural gas in Portland. He was soon appointed Superintendent of the local gas undertaking, and then in 1890 he was hired by the Indiana Natural Gas \& Oil Company. While continuing his gas-company employment until 1901, Haynes conducted numerous metallurgical experiments. He also designed an automobile: this led to the establishment of the Haynes- Apperson Company at Kokomo as one of the earliest motor-car makers in North America. From 1905 the firm traded as the Haynes Automobile Company, and before its bankruptcy in 1924 it produced more than 50,000 cars. After 1905, Haynes found the first "Stellite" alloys of cobalt and chromium, and in 1910 he was publicizing the patented material. He then discovered the valuable hardening effect of tungsten, and in 1912 began applying the "improved" Stellite to cutting tools. Three years later, the Haynes Stellite Company was incorporated, with Haynes as President, to work the patents. It was largely from this source that Haynes became a millionaire in 1920. In April 1912, Haynes's attempt to patent the use of chromium with iron to render the product rustless was unsuccessful. However, he re-applied for a US patent on 12 March 1915 and, although this was initially rejected, he persevered and finally obtained recognition of his modified claim. The American Stainless Steel Company licensed the patents of Brearley and Haynes jointly in the USA until the 1930s.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    John Scott Medal 1919 (awarded for useful inventions).
    Bibliography
    Haynes was the author of more than twenty published papers and articles, among them: 1907, "Materials for automobiles", Proceedings of the American Society of Mechanical
    Engineers 29:1,597–606; 1910, "Alloys of nickel and cobalt with chromium", Journal of Industrial Engineering
    and Chemistry 2:397–401; 1912–13, "Alloys of cobalt with chromium and other metals", Transactions of the American Institute of 'Mining Engineers 44:249–55;
    1919–20, "Stellite and stainless steel", Proceedings of the Engineering Society of West
    Pennsylvania 35:467–74.
    1 April 1919, US patent no. 1,299,404 (stainless steel).
    The four US patents worked by the Haynes Stellite Company were: 17 December 1907, patent no. 873,745.
    1 April 1913, patent no. 1,057,423.
    1 April 1913, patent no. 1,057, 828.
    17 August 1915, patent no. 1,150, 113.
    Further Reading
    R.D.Gray, 1979, Alloys and Automobiles. The Life of Elwood Haynes, Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society (a closely documented biography).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Haynes, Elwood

  • 15 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

  • 16 Psychology

       We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)
       The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)
       Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)
       It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)
       "Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,
       The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)
       The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)
       According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)
       At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.
       In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.
       The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.
       Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)
       As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)
       The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology

  • 17 derivar

    v.
    1 to divert.
    derivó el debate hacia otro tema he steered the debate onto another topic
    2 to derive (Mat).
    3 to change direction, to drift.
    4 to extract, to obtain as a subproduct.
    * * *
    1 (proceder) to spring, arise, come, stem
    2 MARÍTIMO to drift
    3 LINGÚÍSTICA to be derived (de, from), derive (de, from)
    ■ 'pequeñito" deriva de "pequeño' "pequeñito" is derived from "pequeño"
    4 (conducir) to drift
    1 (dirigir) to direct, divert
    2 LINGÚÍSTICA to derive
    4 MATEMÁTICAS to derive
    1 (proceder) to result (de, from), stem (de, from)
    2 LINGÚÍSTICA to be derived (de, from)
    * * *
    verb
    - derivar en
    * * *
    1. VI
    1)

    derivar de algo — (=provenir de) to derive from sth

    de estos datos se deriva que... — from this it follows that...

    2)

    derivar en algo — (=tener como resultado) to lead to sth, result in sth

    esto derivó en la pérdida de las colonias — this led to o resulted in the loss of the colonies

    3)
    4) (Náut) to drift
    2. VT
    1) [+ carretera, río] to divert
    2) [+ conversación, charla] to divert, steer

    derivó el debate hacia temas menos controvertidos — he diverted o steered the discussion towards less controversial subjects

    3) (Mat) to derive
    4) (Elec) to shunt
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( proceder)

    derivar de algo — (Ling) to derive from something, come from something; (Quím) to derive from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    derivar en algo — to result in something, lead to something

    2.
    derivar vt (Med) (AmL)
    3.
    derivarse v pron ( proceder)

    derivarse de algo — palabra to be derived from something, come from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    * * *
    = derive, spin off.
    Ex. The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.
    Ex. A computerized search facility has been spun off from the basic work.
    ----
    * derivar conclusiones = derive + conclusions.
    * derivar de = strip from, be born of, proceed from.
    * derivar placer de = obtain + pleasure from.
    * derivarse = accrue, come.
    * derivarse de = come out of, flow from.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( proceder)

    derivar de algo — (Ling) to derive from something, come from something; (Quím) to derive from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    derivar en algo — to result in something, lead to something

    2.
    derivar vt (Med) (AmL)
    3.
    derivarse v pron ( proceder)

    derivarse de algo — palabra to be derived from something, come from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    * * *
    = derive, spin off.

    Ex: The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.

    Ex: A computerized search facility has been spun off from the basic work.
    * derivar conclusiones = derive + conclusions.
    * derivar de = strip from, be born of, proceed from.
    * derivar placer de = obtain + pleasure from.
    * derivarse = accrue, come.
    * derivarse de = come out of, flow from.

    * * *
    derivar [A1 ]
    vi
    A
    1 (proceder) derivar DE algo ( Ling) to derive FROM sth, come FROM sth; ( Quím) to derive FROM sth; «problema/situación» to arise FROM sth
    palabras derivadas del latín words of Latin origin, words derived from Latin
    el problema deriva de la falta de confianza the problem arises o stems from a lack of confidence
    2 (traer como consecuencia) derivar EN algo to result IN sth, lead TO sth
    derivó en un deterioro de la calidad it resulted in o led to a decline in quality
    B
    1 ( Náut) «barco» to drift
    2 (cambiar de dirección) derivar HACIA/ EN algo:
    una charla que derivó en discusión a chat which degenerated into o turned into o became an argument
    nuestra amistad derivaba hacia el odio our friendship was turning to hatred
    3 ( Elec) to short-circuit
    deriva a tierra it goes to ground ( AmE) o ( BrE) earth
    ■ derivar
    vt
    A (dirigir) to steer
    derivó la conversación hacia otros temas he steered o moved the conversation on to other matters
    B ( Elec) to shunt
    C ( Med) ( AmL) to refer
    derivar a algn a un especialista to refer sb to a specialist o ( BrE) consultant
    (proceder) derivarse DE algo ( Ling) to be derived FROM sth, come FROM sth; «problema/situación» to arise FROM sth
    * * *

     

    derivar ( conjugate derivar) verbo intransitivo
    a) ( proceder) derivar de algo [ palabra] to derive from sth, come from sth;

    [problema/situación] to arise from sth
    b) ( traer como consecuencia) derivar en algo to result in sth, lead to sth

    verbo transitivo (Med) (AmL)

    derivarse verbo pronominal ( proceder) derivarse de algo [ palabra] to be derived from sth, come from sth;

    [problema/situación] to arise from sth
    derivar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (proceder) to derive, stem [de, from]
    2 (desviarse, tomar otra dirección) to move on [ hacia, to]
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (dirigir la conversación) to steer [hacia, towards]
    2 (desviar un río, etc) to divert
    ' derivar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    resultar
    English:
    derive
    - issue
    - refer
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [desviar] to divert (a o hacia to o towards);
    derivó el debate hacia otro tema he steered the debate onto another topic;
    su médico de cabecera lo derivó a un especialista his GP referred him to a specialist
    2. Mat to derive
    3. Ling to derive
    ♦ vi
    1. [desviarse] to move, to drift (a o hacia to o towards);
    el barco derivaba sin rumbo fijo the ship was drifting out of control;
    la tertulia derivaba hacia derroteros políticos the discussion was drifting onto politics
    2. [proceder]
    derivar de to derive from;
    la crisis deriva de una mala gestión the crisis was caused by bad management
    3. [acabar]
    derivar en to end in;
    la tensa situación familiar derivó en tragedia the highly charged domestic situation ended in tragedy;
    la rivalidad entre ellos derivó en abierta hostilidad the rivalry between them ended in open hostility
    4. Ling
    derivar de to be derived from, to derive from, to come from
    * * *
    v/i
    1 derive (de from)
    2 de barco drift
    * * *
    1) : to drift
    2)
    derivar de : to come from, to derive from
    3)
    derivar en : to result in
    : to steer, to direct
    derivó la discusión hacia la política: he steered the discussion over to politics

    Spanish-English dictionary > derivar

  • 18 ἀπό

    ἀπό (Hom.+) prep. w. gen. (see the lit. on ἀνά, beg., also for ἀπό: KDieterich, IndogF 24, 1909, 93–158; LfgrE s.v.). Basic sense ‘separation from’ someone or someth., fr. which the other uses have developed. In the NT it has encroached on the domain of Att. ἐκ, ὑπό, παρά, and the gen. of separation; s. Mlt. 102; 246; Mlt-Turner 258f.
    ① a marker to indicate separation from a place, whether person or thing, from, away from
    ⓐ w. all verbs denoting motion, esp. those compounded w. ἀπό: ἀπάγεσθαι, ἀπαλλάσσεσθαι, ἀπελαύνειν, ἀπέρχεσθαι, ἀπολύεσθαι, ἀποπλανᾶσθαι, ἀποστέλλειν, ἀποφεύγειν, ἀποχωρεῖν, ἀποχωρίζεσθαι; but also w. ἀνίστασθαι, διαστῆναι, διέρχεσθαι, ἐκδημεῖν, ἐκκινεῖν, ἐκπλεῖν, ἐκπορεύεσθαι, ἐξέρχεσθαι, ἐξωθεῖν, ἐπιδιδόναι, μεταβαίνειν, μετατίθεσθαι, νοσφίζειν, παραγίνεσθαι, πλανᾶσθαι, πορεύεσθαι, ὑπάγειν, ὑποστρέφειν, φεύγειν; s. the entries in question.
    ⓑ w. all verbs expressing the idea of separation ἐκβάλλειν τὸ κάρφος ἀ. τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ remove the splinter fr. the eye Mt 7:4 v.l. (for ἐκ). ἐξέβαλον ἀπὸ τῆς πήρας αὐτῶν δῶρα they set forth gifts out of their travel bags GJs 21:3. ἀπολύεσθαι ἀ. ἀνδρός be divorced fr. her husband Lk 16:18, cp. Ac 15:33. ἀποκυλίειν, ἀπολαμβάνεσθαι, ἀποστρέφειν, ἐπιστρέφεσθαι, ἐπανάγειν, αἴρειν, ἀφαιρεῖν, ἀπολέσθαι, μερίζειν et al., s. the pertinent entries. So also κενὸς ἀ. τινος Hs 9, 19, 2. ἔρημος ἀ. τινος (Jer 51:2) 2 Cl 2:3. W. verbs which express the concept of separation in the wider sense, like loose, free, acquit et al. ἀπορφανίζειν, ἀποσπᾶν, διεγείρεσθαι, δικαιοῦν, ἐκδικοῦν, ἐλευθεροῦν, λούειν, λύειν, λυτροῦν, ῥαντίζειν, σαλεύειν, στέλλειν, σῴζειν, φθείρειν, s. the entries; hence also ἀθῷος (Sus 46 Theod. v.l.) Mt 27:24. καθαρὸς ἀ. τινος (Tob 3:14; but s. Dssm. NB 24 [BS 196; 216]) Ac 20:26; cp. Kuhring 54.
    ⓒ verbs meaning be on guard, be ashamed, etc., take ἀπό to express the occasion or object of their caution, shame, or fear; so αἰσχύνεσθαι, βλέπειν, μετανοεῖν, προσέχειν, φοβεῖσθαι, φυλάσσειν, φυλάσσεσθαι; s. 5 below.
    ⓓ w. verbs of concealing, hiding, hindering, the pers. from whom someth. is concealed is found w. ἀπό; so κρύπτειν τι ἀπό τινος, παρακαλύπτειν τι ἀπό τινος, κωλύειν τι ἀπό τινος; s. the entries.
    ⓔ in pregnant constr. like ἀνάθεμα εἶναι ἀ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ be separated fr. Christ by a curse Ro 9:3. μετανοεῖν ἀ. τ. κακίας (Jer 8:6) Ac 8:22. ἀποθνῄσκειν ἀ. τινος through death become free from Col 2:20. φθείρεσθαι ἀ. τ. ἁπλότητος be ruinously diverted from wholehearted commitment 2 Cor 11:3. Cp. Hs 6, 2, 4.
    ⓕ as a substitute for the partitive gen. (Hdt. 6, 27, 2; Thu. 7, 87, 6; PPetr III, 11, 20; PIand 8, 6; Kuhring 20; Rossberg 22; Johannessohn, Präp. 17) τίνα ἀ. τῶν δύο; Mt 27:21, cp. Lk 9:38; 19:39 (like PTebt 299, 13; 1 Macc 1:13; 3:24; Sir 6:6; 46:8). τὰ ἀ. τοῦ πλοίου pieces of the ship Ac 27:44. ἐκχεῶ ἀ. τοῦ πνεύματός μου Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f). λαμβάνειν ἀ. τ. καρπῶν get a share of the vintage Mk 12:2 (cp. Just., A I, 65, 5 μεταλαβεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ … ἄρτου).—Of foods (as in Da 1:13, 4:33a; 2 Macc 7:1) ἐσθίειν ἀ. τ. ψιχίων eat some of the crumbs Mt 15:27; Mk 7:28. χορτάζεσθαι ἀ. τινος eat one’s fill of someth. Lk 16:21. αἴρειν ἀ. τῶν ἰχθύων pick up the remnants of the fish Mk 6:43. ἐνέγκατε ἀ. τ. ὀψαρίων bring some of the fish J 21:10 (the only instance of this usage in J; s. M-EBoismard, Le chapitre 21 de Saint Jean: RB 54 [’47] 492).—Of drink (cp. Sir 26:12) πίνειν ἀπὸ τ. γενήματος τῆς ἀμπέλου drink the product of the vine Lk 22:18.
    ② to indicate the point from which someth. begins, whether lit. or fig.
    ⓐ of place from, out from (Just., D. 86, 1 ἀπὸ τῆς πέτρας ὕδωρ ἀναβλύσαν ‘gushing out of the rock’) σημεῖον ἀ. τ. οὐρανοῦ a sign fr. heaven Mk 8:11. ἀ. πόλεως εἰς πόλιν from one city to another Mt 23:34. ἀπʼ ἄκρων οὐρανῶν ἕως ἄκρων αὐτῶν (Dt 30:4; Ps 18:7) from one end of heaven to the other 24:31, cp. Mk 13:27. ἀπʼ ἄνωθεν ἕως κάτω from top to bottom Mt 27:51. ἀρξάμενοι ἀ. Ἰερουσαλήμ beginning in Jerusalem Lk 24:47 (s. also Lk 23:5; Ac 1:22; 10:37). ἀφʼ ὑμῶν ἐξήχηται ὁ λόγος τ. κυρίου the word of the Lord has gone out from you and sounded forth 1 Th 1:8. ἀπὸ βορρᾶ, ἀπὸ νότου in the north, in the south (PCairGoodsp 6, 5 [129 B.C.] ἐν τῷ ἀπὸ νότου πεδίῳ; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 11A col. 1, 12f [123 B.C.] τὸ ἀπὸ νότου τῆς πόλεως χῶμα; ln. 7 ἀπὸ βορρᾶ τῆς πόλεως; 70, 16 al.; Josh 18:5; 19:34; 1 Km 14:5) Rv 21:13.
    ⓑ of time from … (on), since (POxy 523, 4; Mel., HE 4, 26, 8; s. Kuhring 54ff).
    α. ἀ. τῶν ἡμερῶν Ἰωάννου from the days of John Mt 11:12. ἀ. τῆς ὥρας ἐκείνης 9:22. ἀπʼ ἐκείνης τ. ἡμέρας (Jos., Bell. 4, 318, Ant. 7, 382) Mt 22:46; J 11:53. ἔτη ἑπτὰ ἀ. τῆς παρθενίας αὐτῆς for seven years fr. the time she was a virgin Lk 2:36. ἀ. ἐτῶν δώδεκα for 12 years 8:43. ἀ. τρίτης ὥρας τῆς νυκτός Ac 23:23. ἀ. κτίσεως κόσμου Ro 1:20. ἀ. πέρυσι since last year, a year ago 2 Cor 8:10; 9:2.—ἀπʼ αἰῶνος, ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς, ἀπʼ ἄρτι (also ἀπαρτί and ἄρτι), ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου, ἀπὸ τότε, ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν; s. the pertinent entries.
    β. w. the limits defined, forward and backward: ἀπὸ … ἕως (Jos., Ant. 6, 364) Mt 27:45. ἀπὸ … ἄχρι Phil 1:5. ἀπὸ … μέχρι Ac 10:30; Ro 5:14; 15:19.
    γ. ἀφʼ ἧς (sc. ὥρας or ἡμέρας, which is found Col 1:6, 9; but ἀφʼ ἧς became a fixed formula: ParJer 7:28; Plut., Pelop. [285] 15, 5; s. B-D-F §241, 2) since Lk 7:45 (Renehan ’75, 36f); Ac 24:11; 2 Pt 3:4 (cp. X., Hell. 4, 6, 6; 1 Macc 1:11). ἀφʼ οὗ (sc.—as in X., Cyr. 1, 2, 13—χρόνου; Att. ins in Meisterhans.3-Schw. and s. Witkowski, index 163; ἀφʼ οὗ is also a formula) since, when once (X., Symp. 4, 62; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 16 Jac.; Lucian, Dial. Mar. 15, 1; Ex 5:23 GrBar 3:6) Lk 13:25; 24:21; Rv 16:18 (cp. Da 12:1; 1 Macc 9:29; 16:24; 2 Macc 1:7; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 23; GrBar; Jos., Ant. 4, 78). τρία ἔτη ἀφʼ οὗ (cp. Tob 5:35 S) Lk 13:7. ἀφότε s. ὅτε 1aγ end.
    ⓒ the beg. of a series from … (on).
    α. ἀρξάμενος ἀ. Μωϋσέως καὶ ἀ. πάντων τ. προφητῶν beginning w. Moses and all the prophets Lk 24:27. ἕβδομος ἀ. Ἀδάμ Jd 14 (Diod S 1, 50, 3 ὄγδοος ὁ ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρός [ancestor]; Appian, Mithrid. 9 §29 τὸν ἕκτον ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώτου Μιθριδάτην; Arrian, Anab. 7, 12, 4; Diog. L. 3, 1: Plato in the line of descent was ἕκτος ἀπὸ Σόλωνος; Biogr. p. 31: Homer δέκατος ἀπὸ Μουσαίου). ἀ. διετοῦς καὶ κατωτέρω Mt 2:16 (cp. Num 1:20; 2 Esdr 3:8).
    β. w. both beg. and end given ἀπὸ … ἕως (Sir 18:26; 1 Macc 9:13) Mt 1:17; 23:35; Ac 8:10. Sim., ἀ. δόξης εἰς δόξαν fr. glory to glory 2 Cor 3:18.
    ③ to indicate origin or source, from
    ⓐ lit., with verbs of motion
    α. down from πίπτειν ἀ. τραπέζης Mt 15:27. καθεῖλεν δυνάστας ἀ. θρόνων God has dethroned rulers Lk 1:52.
    β. from ἔρχεσθαι ἀ. θεοῦ J 3:2; cp. 13:3; 16:30. παραγίνεται ἀ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας Mt 3:13; ἀ. ἀνατολῶν ἥξουσιν 8:11 (Is 49:12; 59:19); ἀ. τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐπορεύετο 24:1; ἀ. Παμφυλίας Ac 15:38. ἐγείρεσθαι ἀ. τ. νεκρῶν be raised from the dead Mt 14:2.
    ⓑ lit., to indicate someone’s local origin from (Hom. et al.; Soph., El. 701; Hdt. 8, 114; ins [RevArch 4 sér. IV 1904 p. 9 ἀπὸ Θεσσαλονίκης]; pap [HBraunert, Binnenwanderung ’64, 384, s.v.; PFlor 14, 2; 15, 5; 17, 4; 22, 13 al.]; Judg 12:8; 13:2; 17:1 [all three acc. to B]; 2 Km 23:20 al.; Jos., Bell. 3, 422, Vi. 217; Just., A I, 1 τῶν ἀπὸ Φλαουί̈ας Νέας πόλεως; s. B-D-F §209, 3; Rob. 578) ἦν ἀ. Βηθσαϊδά he was from B. J 1:44; cp. 12:21. ὄχλοι ἀ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας crowds fr. Galilee Mt 4:25. ἄνδρες ἀ. παντὸς ἔθνους Ac 2:5. ἀνὴρ ἀ. τοῦ ὄχλου a man fr. the crowd Lk 9:38. ὁ προφήτης ὁ ἀ. Ναζαρέθ Mt 21:11. οἱ ἀ. Κιλικίας the Cilicians Ac 6:9. οἱ ἀδελφοὶ οἱ ἀ. Ἰόππης 10:23 (Musaeus 153 παρθένος ἀπʼ Ἀρκαδίας; Just., A I, 58, 1 Μακρίωνα … τὸν ἀπὸ Πόντου). οἱ ἀ. Θεσσαλονίκης Ἰουδαῖοι 17:13. οἱ ἀ. τῆς Ἰταλίας the Italians Hb 13:24, who could be inside as well as outside Italy (cp. Dssm., Her. 33, 1898, 344, LO 167, 1 [LAE 200, 3]; Mlt. 237; B-D-F §437).—Rather denoting close association οἱ ἀ. τῆς ἐκκλησίας members of the church Ac 12:1; likew. 15:5 (cp. Plut., Cato Min. 4, 2 οἱ ἀπὸ τ. στοᾶς φιλόσοφοι; Ps.-Demetr. c. 68 οἱ ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ=his [Isocrates’] pupils; Synes., Ep. 4 p. 162b; 66 p. 206c; PTebt 33, 3 [112 B.C.], Ῥωμαῖος τῶν ἀπὸ συγκλήτου; Ar. 15, 1 Χριστιανοὶ γενεαλογοῦνται ἀπὸ … Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ; Ath.).—To indicate origin in the sense of material fr. which someth. is made (Hdt. 7, 65; Theocr. 15, 117; IPriene 117, 72 ἀπὸ χρυσοῦ; 1 Esdr 8:56; Sir 43:20 v.l.) ἔνδυμα ἀ. τριχῶν καμήλου clothing made of camel’s hair Mt 3:4.
    ⓒ fig., w. verbs of asking, desiring, to denote the pers. of or from whom a thing is asked (Ar. 11, 3): δανίσασθαι ἀπό τινος borrow fr. someone Mt 5:42. ἐκζητεῖν ἀ. τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης Lk 11:51. ἀπαιτεῖν τι ἀπό τινος Lk 12:20. ζητεῖν τι ἀπό τινος 1 Th 2:6. λαμβάνειν τι ἀπό τινος Mt 17:25f; 3J 7.
    ⓓ fig., w. verbs of perceiving, to indicate source of the perception (Lysias, Andoc. 6; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 6, 399b ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τῶν ἔργων θεωρεῖται ὁ θεός; Appian, Liby. 104 §493 ἀπὸ τῆς σφραγῖδος=[recognize a corpse] by the seal-ring; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 2, 1 στοχάζεσθαι ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων; Just., D. 60, 1 τοῦτο νοοῦμεν ἀπὸ τῶν λόγων τῶν προλελεγμένων; 100, 2 ἀπὸ τῶν γραφῶν): ἀ. τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιγνώσεσθε αὐτούς by their fruits you will know them Mt 7:16, 20. μανθάνειν παραβολὴν ἀ. τῆς συκῆς learn a lesson from the fig tree 24:32; Mk 13:28. ἀπὸ τῶν σπερμάτων μὴ ποιεῖσθαι τὴν παραβολήν if we are not to derive our parable solely from reference to seeds (cp. 1 Cor 15:37) AcPlCor 2:28.—Also μανθάνειν τι ἀπό τινος learn someth. fr. someone Gal 3:2; Col 1:7.
    ⓔ γράψαι ἀφʼ ὧν ἠδυνήθην, lit., write from what I was able, i.e. as well as I could B 21:9 (cp. Tat. 12, 5 οὐκ ἀπὸ γλώττης οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰκότων οὐδὲ ἀπʼ ἐννοιῶν etc.).
    ④ to indicate distance fr. a point, away from, for μακρὰν ἀ. τινος far fr. someone, ἀπὸ μακρόθεν fr. a great distance s. μακράν, μακρόθεν. ἀπέχειν ἀπό τινος s. ἀπέχω 4. W. detailed measurements (corresp. to Lat. ‘a’, s. B-D-F §161, 1; Rob. 575; WSchulze, Graeca Latina 1901, 15ff; Hdb. on J 11:18; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 12 §42; CB I/2, 390 no. 248) ἦν Βηθανία ἐγγὺς τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων ὡς ἀπὸ σταδίων δεκατέντε Bethany was near Jerusalem, about 15 stades (less than 3 km.) away J 11:18. ὡς ἀπὸ πηχῶν διακοσίων about 200 cubits (c. 90 meters) 21:8. ἀπὸ σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων about 1600 stades (c. 320 km.) Rv 14:20; cp. Hv 4, 1, 5 (for other examples of this usage, s. Rydbeck 68).—Hebraistically ἀπὸ προσώπου τινός (Gen 16:6; Jer 4:26; Jdth 2:14; Sir 21:2; 1 Macc 5:34; En 103:4; Just., A I, 37, 1 ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ πατρὸς ἐλέχθησαν διὰ Ἠσαίου … οἵδε οἱ λόγοι ‘in the name of the father … through Isaiah’; 38, 1 al.)=מִפְּנֵי פ׳ ( away) from the presence of someone 2 Th 1:9 (Is 2:10, 19, 21); Rv 12:14 (B-D-F §140; 217, 1; Mlt-H. 466).
    ⑤ to indicate cause, means, or outcome
    ⓐ gener., to show the reason for someth. because of, as a result of, for (numerous ref. in FBleek on Hb 5:7; PFay 111, 4; POxy 3314, 7 [from falling off a horse]; Jdth 2:20; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]; AscIs 3:13; Jos., Ant. 9, 56) οὐκ ἠδύνατο ἀ. τοῦ ὄχλου he could not because of the crowd Lk 19:3; cp. Mk 2:4 D. οὐκ ἐνέβλεπον ἀπὸ τῆς δόξης τοῦ φωτός I could not see because of the brilliance of the light Ac 22:11. ἀ. τοῦ πλήθους τ. ἰχθύων J 21:6 (M-EBoismard, ad loc.: s. 1f end). ἀ. τοῦ ὕδατος for the water Hs 8, 2, 8. ἀ. τῆς θλίψεως because of the persecution Ac 11:19. οὐαὶ τῷ κόσμῳ ἀ. τ. σκανδάλων Mt 18:7 (s. B-D-F §176, 1; Mlt. 246). εἰσακουσθεὶς ἀ. τῆς εὐλαβείας heard because of his piety Hb 5:7 (but the text may be corrupt; at any rate it is obscure and variously interpr.; besides the comm. s. KRomaniuk, Die Gottesfürchtigen im NT: Aegyptus 44, ’64, 84; B-D-F §211; Rob. 580; s. on εὐλάβεια).
    ⓑ to indicate means with the help of, with (Hdt. et al.; Ael. Aristid. 37, 23 K.=2 p. 25 D.; PGM 4, 2128f σφράγιζε ἀπὸ ῥύπου=seal with dirt; En 97:8) γεμίσαι τὴν κοιλίαν ἀ. τ. κερατίων fill one’s stomach w. the husks Lk 15:16 v.l. (s. ἐκ 4aζ; cp. Pr 18:20). οἱ πλουτήσαντες ἀπʼ αὐτῆς Rv 18:15 (cp. Sir 11:18).
    ⓒ to indicate motive or reason for, from, with (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 13 §52 ἀπʼ εὐνοίας=with goodwill; 1 Macc 6:10; pap exx. in Kuhring 35) κοιμᾶσθαι ἀ. τῆς λύπης sleep from sorrow Lk 22:45. ἀ. τῆς χαρᾶς αὐτοῦ Mt 13:44; cp. Lk 24:41; Ac 12:14. ἀ. τοῦ φόβου κράζειν Mt 14:26, ἀ. φόβου καὶ προσδοκίας with fear and expectation Lk 21:26. Hence verbs of fearing, etc., take ἀ. to show the cause of the fear (s. above 1c) μὴ φοβεῖσθαι ἀ. τ. ἀποκτεννόντων τὸ σῶμα not be afraid of those who kill only the body Mt 10:28; Lk 12:4 (cp. Jdth 5:23; 1 Macc 2:62; 3:22; 8:12; En 106:4).
    ⓓ to indicate the originator of the action denoted by the verb from (Trag., Hdt. et al.) ἀ. σοῦ σημεῖον ἰδεῖν Mt 12:38. γινώσκειν ἀπό τινος learn fr. someone Mk 15:45. ἀκούειν ἀ. τοῦ στόματός τινος hear fr. someone’s mouth, i.e. fr. him personally Lk 22:71 (Dionys. Hal. 3, 8 ἀ. στόματος ἤκουσεν); cp. Ac 9:13; 1J 1:5. τὴν ἀ. σοῦ ἐπαγγελίαν a promise given by you Ac 23:21 (cp. Ath. 2, 3 ταῖς ἀπὸ τῶν κατηγόρων αἰτίαις ‘the charges made by the accusers’). ἀφʼ ἑνὸς ἐγενήθησαν Hb 11:12. Prob. παραλαμβάνειν ἀ. τοῦ κυρίου 1 Cor 11:23 is to be understood in the same way: Paul is convinced that he is taught by the Lord himself (for direct teaching s. EBröse, Die Präp. ἀπό 1 Cor 11:23: StKr 71, 1898, 351–60; Dssm.; BWeiss; Ltzm.; H-DWendland. But for indirect communication: Zahn et al.). παραλαβὼν ἀπὸ τῶν θυγατέρων Φιλίππου, ὅτι Papias (11:2); opp. παρειληφέναι ὑπὸ τῶν θ. Φ. (2:9).—Of the more remote cause ἀπʼ ἀνθρώπων from human beings (as opposed to transcendent revelation; w. διʼ ἀνθρώπου; cp. Artem. 1, 73 p. 66, 11 ἀπὸ γυναικῶν ἢ διὰ γυναικῶν; 2, 36 p. 135, 26) Gal 1:1. ἀ. κυρίου πνεύματος fr. the Lord, who is the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18. ἔχειν τι ἀπό τινος have (received) someth. fr. someone 1 Cor 6:19; 1 Ti 3:7; 1J 2:20; 4:21.—In salutation formulas εἰρήνη ἀ. θεοῦ πατρός ἡμῶν peace that comes from God, our father Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; cp. 6:23; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Th 1:1 v.l.; 2 Th 1:2; 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; Tit 1:4; Phlm 3. σοφία ἀ. θεοῦ wisdom that comes fr. God 1 Cor 1:30. ἔπαινος ἀ. θεοῦ praise fr. God 4:5. καὶ τοῦτο ἀ. θεοῦ and that brought about by God Phil 1:28. The expr. εἰρήνη ἀπὸ ‘ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος’ Rv 1:4 is quite extraordinary. It may be an interpretation of the name Yahweh already current, or an attempt to show reverence for the divine name by preserving it unchanged, or simply one more of the grammatical peculiarities so frequent in Rv (Meyer6-Bousset 1906, 159ff; Mlt. 9, note 1; cp. PParis 51, 33 ἀπὸ ἀπηλιότης; Mussies 93f, 328).
    ⓔ to indicate responsible agents for someth., from, of
    α. the self, st. Gk. usage (Thu. 5, 60, 1; X., Mem. 2, 10, 3; Andoc., Orat. 2, 4 οὗτοι οὐκ ἀφʼ αὑτῶν ταῦτα πράττουσιν; Diod S 17, 56; Num 16:28; 4 Macc 11:3; En 98:4; TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 26 [Stone p. 38]; 18 p. 101, 6 [Stone p. 50]; Just., A I, 43, 8) the expr. ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ (pl. ἀφʼ ἑαυτῶν) of himself and ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ of myself are common Lk 12:57; 21:30; 2 Cor 3:5, esp. so in J: 5:19, 30; 8:28; 10:18; 15:4.—7:17f; 11:51; 14:10; 16:13; 18:34. So also ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐκ ἐλήλυθα I did not come of myself (opp. the Father sent me) 7:28; 8:42.
    β. fr. others. W. verbs in the pass. voice or pass. mng. ὑπό is somet. replaced by ἀπό (in isolated cases in older Gk. e.g. Thu. 1, 17 et al. [Kühner-G. II/1 p. 457f]; freq. in later Gk.: Polyb. 1, 79, 14; Hero I 152, 6; 388, 11; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 130 Jac.; IG XII/5, 29, 1; SIG 820, 9; PLond III, 1173, 12 p. 208; BGU 1185, 26; PFlor 150, 6 ἀ. τῶν μυῶν κατεσθιόμενα; PGM 4, 256; Kuhring 36f; 1 Macc 15:17; Sir 16:4; ParJer 1:1 ᾐχμαλωτεύθησαν … ἀπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 62; Just., A I, 68, 6 ἐπιστολὴν … γραφεῖσάν μοι ἀπὸ Σερήνου, D. 121, 3 ἀπὸ παντὸς [γένους] μετάνοιαν πεποιῆσθαι. See B-D-F §210; Rob. 820; GHatzidakis, Einl. in d. neugriech. Gramm. 1892, 211; AJannaris, An Histor. Gk. Grammar 1897, §1507). Yet just at this point the textual tradition varies considerably, and the choice of prep. is prob. at times influenced by the wish to express special nuances of mng. Lk 8:29b v.l. (ὑπό text); 43b (ὑπό v.l.); 10:22 D; ἀποδεδειγμένος ἀ. τ. θεοῦ attested by God Ac 2:22. ἐπικληθεὶς Βαρναβᾶς ἀ. (ὑπό v.l.) τ. ἀποστόλων named B. by the apostles 4:36. κατενεχθεὶς ἀ. τοῦ ὕπνου overcome by sleep 20:9. ἀθετούμενος ἀπὸ τῶν παραχαρασσόντων τὰ λόγια αὐτοῦ inasmuch as (Jesus) is being rejected by those who falsify his words AcPlCor 2:3. νεκροῦ βληθέντος ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπʼ αὐτά when a corpse was cast upon them (the bones of Elisha) 2:32. In such cases ἀπό freq. denotes the one who indirectly originates an action, and can be transl. at the hands of, by command of: πολλὰ παθεῖν ἀ. τ. πρεσβυτέρων suffer much at the hands of the elders Mt 16:21; cp. Lk 9:22; 17:25, where the emphasis is to be placed on παθεῖν, not on ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι. In ἀ. θεοῦ πειράζομαι the thought is that the temptation is caused by God, though not actually carried out by God Js 1:13. ἡτοιμασμένος ἀ. τοῦ θεοῦ prepared by God’s command, not by God in person Rv 12:6.
    ⑥ In a few expr. ἀπό helps to take the place of an adverb. ἀπὸ μέρους, s. μέρος 1c.—ἡμέρᾳ ἀφʼ ἡμέρας day by day GJs 12:3.—ἀπὸ μιᾶς (acc. to Wlh., Einl.2 26, an Aramaism, min ḥădā˒=at once [s. MBlack, An Aramaic Approach3, ’67, 113]; but this does not explain the fem. gender, found also in the formulaic ἐπὶ μιᾶς Maxim. Tyr. 6, 3f En 99:9 [s. SAalen, NTS 13, ’67, 3] and in Mod. Gk. μὲ μιᾶς at once [Thumb §162 note 2]. PSI 286, 22 uses ἀπὸ μιᾶς of a payment made ‘at once’; on the phrase s. New Docs 2, 189. Orig. γνώμης might have been a part of the expr. [Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 73], or ὁρμῆς [Thu. 7, 71, 6], or γλώσσης [Cass. Dio 44, 36, 2], or φωνῆς [Herodian 1, 4, 8]; cp. ἀπὸ μιᾶς φωνῆς Plut., Mor. 502d of an echo; s. B-D-F §241, 6) unanimously, alike, in concert Lk 14:18. Sim. ἀπὸ τ. καρδιῶν fr. (your) hearts, sincerely Mt 18:35.—Himerius, Or. 39 [=Or. 5], 6 has as a formula διὰ μιᾶς, probably = continuously, uninterruptedly, Or. 44 [=Or. 8], 2 fuller διὰ μιᾶς τῆς σπουδῆς=with one and the same, or with quite similar zeal.—M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἀπό

  • 19 fließen

    v/i; fließt, floss, ist geflossen
    1. Blut, Sekt, Tränen, Wasser: flow; Fluss, Wasser etc.: auch run (in + Akk into; aus out of); in Strömen: pour, stream; es ist viel Blut geflossen there was a lot of bloodshed; es wird Blut fließen blood will flow, there will be bloodshed
    2. Verkehr: flow, run; durch etw.: pass; Gewand, Haar: flow
    3. fig. Rede, Unterhaltung etc.: flow (easily); fließen in (+ Akk) Gelder etc.: flow ( oder pass) into; reichlich / spärlich fließen Gelder etc.: pour in / come in a slow trickle; die Nachrichten flossen spärlich little news got through; alles fließt everything is in (a state of) flux
    * * *
    das Fließen
    flux; flowage
    * * *
    flie|ßen ['fliːsn] pret flo\#ss [flɔs] ptp geflo\#ssen [gə'flɔsn]
    vi aux sein
    to flow; (Verkehr, Luftmassen auch) to move; (Fluss auch, Tränen) to run

    der Schweiß floss ihm von der Stirn — sweat was pouring off his forehead

    die Mittel für Jugendarbeit flíéßen immer spärlicher — less and less money is being made available for youth work

    aus der Feder flíéßen (geh) — to flow from the pen

    Nachrichten flíéßen spärlich — the flow of news is minimal

    alles fließt (Philos) — all is in a state of flux

    See:
    → Strom
    * * *
    1) (to move along in the way that water does: The river flowed into the sea.) flow
    2) (the act of flowing: a flow of blood; the flow of traffic.) flow
    * * *
    flie·ßen
    <floss, geflossen>
    [ˈfli:sn̩]
    vi Hilfsverb: sein
    1. (strömen) to flow
    es fließt kein Wasser aus dem Hahn there's no water coming from the tap; (sich dahinbewegen) to flow, to move
    alles fließt PHILOS all is in a state of flux; METEO (einströmen) to move
    aus China \fließen die Informationen immer spärlicher the flow of information from China is getting minimal
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein flow
    * * *
    fließen v/i; fließt, floss, ist geflossen
    1. Blut, Sekt, Tränen, Wasser: flow; Fluss, Wasser etc: auch run (
    in +akk into;
    aus out of); in Strömen: pour, stream;
    es ist viel Blut geflossen there was a lot of bloodshed;
    es wird Blut fließen blood will flow, there will be bloodshed
    2. Verkehr: flow, run; durch etwas: pass; Gewand, Haar: flow
    3. fig Rede, Unterhaltung etc: flow (easily);
    fließen in (+akk) Gelder etc: flow ( oder pass) into;
    reichlich/spärlich fließen Gelder etc: pour in/come in a slow trickle;
    die Nachrichten flossen spärlich little news got through;
    alles fließt everything is in (a state of) flux
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein flow
    * * *
    n.
    fluxion n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > fließen

  • 20 kier|ować

    impf Ⅰ vt 1. (ustawiać) to point, to direct
    - kierować reflektor w dół to point the searchlight downwards
    - lunety kierowane w niebo telescopes pointed at a. towards the sky
    - kierował lufę karabinu w jej głowę he aimed the gun at her head
    - kierował wszystkie uderzenia w twarz przeciwnika he aimed all his blows at his opponent’s face ⇒ skierować
    2. (wysłać) to dispatch, to send [towary]; to refer [pacjenta, chorego, ustawę]; to direct, to (re)route [ruch]
    - towary kierowane do krajów Unii Europejskiej goods dispatched to the EU countries
    - niektóre linie autobusowe będą tymczasowo kierowane na objazdy some bus lines will be temporarily diverted
    - kierować projekt ustawy pod ponowne obrady sejmu to refer the bill back to the parliament
    - kierować sprawę do sądu [strona, adwokat, prokurator] to bring a. take a case to court; [policja, sąd niższej instancji] to refer a case to (a higher) court
    - kierować pacjenta do specjalisty to refer a patient to a specialist
    - kierować spojrzenie na kogoś/coś to direct one’s gaze at sb/sth ⇒ skierować
    3. (zwracać się) to direct, to aim [słowa, myśli, uczucia]
    - przestrogę tę kieruję do ludzi lekkomyślnych this is a warning to the reckless
    - ataki kierowane na premiera attacks aimed at the Prime Minister
    - umiejętnie kieruje rozmowę na sprawę dla siebie najważniejszą he skilfully steers the conversation to the topic that’s most important to him
    - kierować uwagę na coś to turn one’s/direct sb’s attention to sth ⇒ skierować
    4. (prowadzić) to steer, to drive (czymś sth) [samochodem, motocyklem, autobusem]; to navigate, to steer (czymś sth) [statkiem, samolotem] 5. (zarządzać) to manage, to run (kimś/czymś sb/sth)
    - kierować firmą to run a. manage a company
    - kierować zespołem młodych ludzi to manage a team of young people
    - kierował budową mostu he was in charge of the construction of a bridge
    - w domu żona kierowała wszystkim his wife was in charge of everything at home ⇒ pokierować
    6. (wpływać) to control (kimś sb)
    - ktoś musi nim kierować, niemożliwe, żeby sam to wymyślił somebody else must be behind this, he couldn’t have come up with it on his own
    - sądzi, że ma prawo kierować moim życiem he thinks he has a right to run my life
    - prawo do kierowania własnym losem the right to run one’s own life
    - kierować czyimiś krokami to give sb instructions ⇒ pokierować
    7. (powodować) [uczucie, rozsądek] to drive
    - kierowała nim ambicja/zazdrość he was driven by ambition/jealousy
    - kierowana ciekawością, przeczytała wszystkie dokumenty her curiosity got the better of her and she read all the documents
    8. książk. (kształcić) ojciec kierował go na lekarza his father was putting him through medical school ⇒ wykierować Ⅱ kierować się 1. (ustawiać się) to be pointed, to be directed
    - lufy dział kierowałysię w stronę portu the guns were aimed at the port
    - wszystkie spojrzenia kierowały się na niego all eyes were directed at him ⇒ skierować się
    2. (iść) to head, to aim
    - kierować się do wyjścia to head for the exit
    - kierowali się w stronę lasu they were heading for the forest ⇒ skierować się
    3. (być adresowanym) [słowa, myśli, uczucia] to be directed
    - jego złość kierowała się przeciwko kolejnym członkom rodziny he turned his anger on one family member after another
    4. (powodować się) kierować się czymś to be guided a. governed by sth [logiką, współczuciem, instynktem]; to be driven by sth [ambicją, chytrością]
    - kierować się nienawiścią/zazdrością to be driven by hatred/jealousy
    - zawsze kierował się rozsądkiem he’s always been guided a. governed by his common sense
    - sąd kierował się dobrem dzieci the court was guided by the best interests of the children
    5. książk. (kształcić się) to be trained, to study
    - kierować się na lekarza to train as a doctor, to train to be a doctor
    - obie siostry kierowały się na śpiewaczki both sisters were training to become singers ⇒ wykierować się

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > kier|ować

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